As far as longevity is concerned, there seems to be two distinct camps about how we can extend human life. If you compare experimental evolutionary biologist Michael R. Rose’s approach with someone like Aubrey De grey, there’s a big difference. Here’s a nice summary of the problem:
https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2011/04/michael-rose-recipe-for-extreme.html
The De grey approach is more focused on discrete medical interventions to sort of repair and maintain the human body. I think this approach is very limited and probably will not be the initial leap in life extension. De grey is more of a futurist. He doesn’t do any experimental science.
OTOH, Michael Rose is probably the most successful life extension experimental scientist. He works with fruit flies. Many years ago, he developed a delayed breeding strategy which resulted in genetic mutations that caused fruit flies to live 4 times their normal life span. These experiments were designed to leverage natural selection to better understand how natural evolutionary processes would manipulate the genome to extend life. Rose has mapped the fruit fly genome and has discovered a huge part of the life extension genetic mutations relate to fruit fly metabolism. I think this type of research is the most promising because natural selection is the most powerful force in the animal kingdom.
The goal is to reverse map the fruit fly genome back onto the human genome to determine how we can manipulate our genetics to live a very long time. Rose doesn’t think that will be fully realized during his lifetime. However, he does believe the aging process can be delayed and eventually stopped. Because metabolism is so important to chronic diseases and overall aging, his recommendation is to adopt an evolutionary appropriate diet as much as possible.
In the world of longevity and even nutrition, there are no definitive controlled trials that can last long enough to prove anything. We can only look at certain markers and draw inferences.
No scientific conclusions can be drawn from epidemiology studies. Diet epidemiology is a deeply flawed area of research. And even DBCT diet intervention studies can only tell us so much.
The bottom line is that nobody really knows what the optimal human diet is. It is also likely that what is optimal may change over the course of one’s life. Michael Rose does an excellent job explaining how evolutionary adaptation can take place much faster than we originally thought. But that adaptation (eg. grains/dairy in the last 10,000 years) are only built to last long enough for adapted humans to reproduce and raise living offspring. IOW, natural selection does not care about humans living forever. In addition, there are genetic variations from person to person.
All one can do is draw up a compelling hypothesis and test it out to determine if one’s health gets better or worse.