I don't think one scientific disipline will fully explain something like "why do women perform better in a traumatic stressful event" or "why don't women have an interest in or appreciate high quality sound reproduction."
Genetics (and epigenetics) will partially explain why some diseases are more prevalent in one gender than the other. For example, it is well known that several genes involved in immunity are located on the X chromosome (see chart below), as well as many genes involved in neurodevelopment or cancer. For instance, research has found 6 out of 783 X chromosome genes with tumor-suppressive function had loss-of-function mutations in males but not in females..
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As far as what genetics can tell us, It would seem to make sense for scientists to simply look at the genes on the Y chromosome, determine their function, and mutation, and it would be simple to lay out what the fundamental differences between humans with two X chromosomes (females( and one X and one Y (males).
Until last year, the Y chromosome was only partially mapped, and there were significant gaps. It is accepted by genetic science to "estimate" the gaps, it's done on the other chromosomes, it was thought the Y chromosome had about 30 million base pairs sequence.
I got my copy of the journal Nature last week which published the study from last year, and it turns out gap estimates had errors and were way off. There are over 64 million pairs of sequences to the reference. Here is the preprint of the full study:
The human Y chromosome has been notoriously difficult to sequence and assemble because of its complex repeat structure including long palindromes, tandem repeats, and segmental duplications. As a result, more than half of the Y chromosome is missing from the GRCh38 reference sequence and it...
www.biorxiv.org
If you want to have a full understanding of a specific identified gender difference, it's going to be multidisciplinary. Genetics can explain diseases and disorders with gender differences. Human evolutionary biology, combined with neurology can tell you why and the genders process the senses like color, sound, smell, differently. Psychology, sociology, and economics can attempt to explain how child development, culture, economics, education, and other factors play a role.
The fact is, even with disease/disorders associated with pure genetics, the presence, or absence, or a specific gene pair. in nearly every case both epigenetics and environmental factors play some role.
If you want to take a deep dive and know the truth, what science can tell us in the fields of human evolutionary biology, genetics,, psychology and the social sciences, I would recommend (and what they can't tell us)
By David Reich
By Douglas P. Fry
By Jennifer Raff, 2022. ISBN: 9781538749715