Following up - in the PiCorePlayer I had to go into ALSA Mixer settings. Apparently the volume there defaults to -40, and I set it to 0dB. Noticeable improvement in maximum volume, though I need to set my Chromecast Audio to 65% volume to match the Apple USB-C dongle's maximum volume. We use both Chromecast and the Pi in my household for the in-ceiling speaker system, so that is likely going to lead to some big volume swings. Here's a thread with more info about ASLA Mixer and the Apple dongle (though it is for Android not Pi/Linux):
https://forum.xda-developers.com/t/...e-and-android-remove-the-power-limit.3917495/
Does anyone have a suggestion for one of these USB-3.5mm dongle/DACs that can output more than the Apple dongle? Looks like a lot of them have been reviewed here. Doesn't need to be perfect, but easily available in the US and less than $20 would be great.