In theory it can if you have sharp ears and lots of training on recognizing and identifying defects. But it will be a lot slower and more prone to error than measuring and getting it right from the beginning.
And this comes literally days after it happening to me. I have been setting up a DBA subwoofer system to compare with Trinnov's Waveforming. I set the parameters the way they should be theoretically, and
@jan.didden and I listened to the results. I was unhappy with the way the whole thing sounded even though it was
supposed to be right. I spent a day playing around with levels and phases and slopes, but it just didn't... gel. So I bit the bullet, pulled out my CLIO Pocket, and did some careful measurements and saw some funny things. Tracing back, I uncovered some errors in the way I set up the crossover ("Me make a mistake? Unpossible!"). Fixed them, fired things back up, and... it sounded terrific. Five minutes of measurement let me get the integration right in a way that I couldn't do in a day of futzing around by ear.