Newbie here at 60 getting back into the hobby, long long thread and I have not read all the posts. My answer to the post title is measurements AND numerous subjective listening tests. If these subjective tests all tend to find the same thing then maybe there's an unmeasured problem somewhere, but I'm pretty certain that problem CAN be measured.
There is nothing wrong with subjective testing. The problem is uncontrolled subjective testing.
The ethos of this forum does not have a boundary between subjective and objective; its boundary is between uncontrolled assertions without data and controlled testing and measurements that conform to general scientific principles.
If a person detects an unexpected (based on engineering) difference by simple hearing, the burden is on them to demonstrate that their detection is not the product of chance, bias, or faulty test conditions. That takes some effort, and the proper way to approach those conditions is with the assumption that the commonly accepted engineering expectations are correct.
If a person detects no difference even when one is expected, there is nothing for them to have to prove at all. If they can't detect it, for them it isn't there. But if they do think they detect an unexpected difference, the accusation that others can't hear well enough it is unevidenced.
Again, nothing wrong with using one's ears, but make sure it's really the ears and not the biases resulting from what one sees or some fault in the test conditions. The lure of expensive equipment is a powerful persuader, even to those with training, if one has never conducted such testing.
(The engineers who make things people seem to admire use the same engineering principles in design that some reviewers reject as being unable to evaluate the result. Do you see the insanity of that dichotomy? It means the rock-star designers must resort to metaphysics or inefficient guess-and-trial methodologies, and that's not what engineers are for.)
Rick "has said this before, too" Denney