It's called a Lissajous pattern.
Usually done on an oscilloscope, but can be done with computer. Preferably an analog scope. No "jaggies" from the pixels. No pixels on an analog scope..
One channel drives the electron beam up and down, the other channel drives the beam left and right.
So wherever the beam is at any instant is the sum of the left and right amplitudes.
The phosphor on the screen illuminates when the electron beam exchites it, and the luminance doesn't decay immediately, so it leaves a track of where the beam had been.
The digital is clipped - straight edges. Or limited, to pretend it isn't clipped.