There are several measurements that could be performed on a TT, not the arm or the cartridge, just the bit that goes around and the other bits that stops it falling over.
There are the usual rumble; and wow and flutter; but also speed accuracy, stability and isolation.
Cogging was one of those wonderful things that "could be heard" but not measured. In my opinion it was invented by the audio press to explain the "magic" that certain high-end belt drive turntables had but direct drives apparently did not.
In the late 70s/early 80s, so called slotless, coreless DD motors were introduced by most manufacturers. It was not possible for these motors to cog as there were no cores to cog to. This was a golden opportunity and the manufacturers advertised wonderful new turntables using XYZ DD motor that cannot cog in the hope that they could sell new turntables to sucke..., sorry, audiophiles who didn't really need them. The best part was that these cog free motors cost considerably less to make than their predecessors.
For instance, I have had two Pioneer PL-L1000A turntables since new, I used them to compare cartridges. These were very close to the PL-L1000 except that the logic circuitry went from discrete to micro-controller, the arm tube went from metal to graphite to eliminate a problematic midrange resonance, and Pioneer went from their "high-hat" motor (with slots and cores) to their "hanging rotor" motor (no slots of cores). The performance was marginally improved and Pioneer bolted a large piece of 6mm thick steel bar to the sub-chassis in order to balance the unchanged suspension.
Back to the other measurements, a well maintained, late model, direct drive TT will have superior wow and flutter, rumble, speed accuracy and speed stability performance, to that of the Neumann VMS 66, VMS70 and VMS80 series; Scully, Lyrec and Fairchild cutting lathes. Almost all 1970s and later records will have been mastered on either the Scully or Neumann lathes.
Lyrec made the motors that drove both their own lathes and the Neumann lathes, this was a 90 pole Direct Drive synchronous motor (for 33.3 rpm and 50 Hz), it was coupled to the cutting platter, via resilient rubber couplings and a hydrodynamic coupling. After Lyrec stopped making lathes and the motors in the mid 70s, Neumann used Direct Drive DC motors sourced from Technics. So, for all the belt drive turntable fans, I am afraid you are listening to Direct Drive records.
This means that the test discs cut on these lathes have lower performance than the turntable they are measuring. Some research work done on rumble used blank precision surfaces (such as glass) to measure the rumble from the TT.
So we are left with isolation. This was rarely measured back in the day and is dependant on the environment where the TT is tested. Having said that, I remember seeing a review in which the reviewers regularly measured isolation. At that time, the best TT they had measured for isolation was the B&O 4002. If you have ever owned or looked at the manual for one, you will see why this was so.
Well worth reading, "Audible Effects of Mechanical Resonances in Turntables" by Poul Ladegaard - yes, he of the air bearing tonearm - there are copies on the internet. Also worth reading, an interview by the old Audio magazine with the legendary (not said lightly) Doug Sax from Sheffield labs, renowned for their direct cut records.
https://www.magneticfidelity.com/sax.shtml