Which specific HAT?
Only other thing I can add is that I have put the overlay under [CM4] in the past and that won't work, needs to be under [ALL] or [pi4].
Michael
A diy countertype of the original Digi+ i made myself. Initially thought that i soldered the chip badly (i hand soldered it) but the fact that it works in Raspbian and that in Ubuntu the i2c address shows locked by the driver tells me it might be a software issue. I know some hifiberry hats have a EEPROM chip, that of course is a black box for me, but the old Digi+ doesn't, and i believe neither the digi i/o...
I have seen others report exactly my same issue and seems it was kernel issues as phofman suggested, but the fact that yours works with exactly the same kernel version is a bit puzzling...
But no worries, will find out, thank you for testing!!