From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For common errors in
logic, see
List of fallacies.
Cognitive biases are systematic patterns of deviation from norm and/or rationality in judgment. They are often studied in
psychology,
sociology and
behavioral economics.
[1]
Although the reality of most of these biases is confirmed by
reproducible research,
[2][3] there are often controversies about how to classify these biases or how to explain them.
[4] Several
theoretical causes are known for some cognitive biases, which provides a classification of biases by their common generative mechanism (such as noisy information-processing
[5]).
Gerd Gigerenzer has criticized the framing of cognitive biases as errors in judgment, and favors interpreting them as arising from rational deviations from logical thought.
[6]
Explanations include information-processing rules (i.e., mental shortcuts), called
heuristics, that the brain uses to produce
decisions or judgments. Biases have a variety of forms and appear as cognitive ("cold") bias, such as mental noise,
[5] or motivational ("hot") bias, such as when beliefs are distorted by
wishful thinking. Both effects can be present at the same time.
[7][8]