Started with Google to see what it would give me - initial top list was pretty good, frankly - how many of these do you know / have you heard? A lot of it comes down to where your personal "flavor" is re jazz, and whether you prefer instrumental or vocal music. One note: if your goal is to listen to these on vinyl, most of these would cost a bit for original pressings. Many have reissues, but those would also be on the pricey side. Best bet is high-res streaming to narrow down the "vein" you really like and respond to.
- Miles Davis – Kind of Blue (1959): Widely considered the best-selling and most famous jazz record of all time, this modal masterpiece is praised for its relaxed, atmospheric beauty.
- John Coltrane – A Love Supreme (1965): Coltrane’s deeply spiritual, four-part masterwork is a sweeping, emotional suite that remains one of his most celebrated and influential releases.
- Dave Brubeck Quartet – Time Out (1959): Famous for its experimentation with odd time signatures, featuring the iconic hits "Take Five" and "Blue Rondo à la Turk".
- Charles Mingus – Mingus Ah Um (1959): A post-bop cornerstone that showcases Mingus's brilliant arranging, blending blues, gospel, and swinging bebop.
- Sonny Rollins – Saxophone Colossus (1956): Rollins's defining hard bop record, featuring his most famous composition, "St. Thomas."
- Ornette Coleman – The Shape of Jazz to Come (1959): A revolutionary record that practically birthed avant-garde and free jazz by discarding traditional piano chords.
- Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers – Moanin' (1958): The quintessential hard bop album, featuring an incredibly grooving, blues-drenched title track.
- Bill Evans Trio – Sunday at the Village Vanguard (1961): A stunning, conversational live trio recording that captures the profound interplay between Evans, Scott LaFaro, and Paul Motian.
- John Coltrane – Giant Steps (1960): A legendary hard bop and modal showcase that tests instrumentalists with complex, rapidly changing chord progressions.
- Stan Getz & João Gilberto – Getz/Gilberto (1964): The seminal bossa nova crossover album that introduced the world to "The Girl from Ipanema".
- Thelonious Monk – Genius of Modern Music, Vol. 1 (1951): The foundational bebop sessions that introduced many of Monk's eccentric, enduring compositions to the world.
- Miles Davis – Birth of the Cool (1954): A defining release that moved away from frantic bebop into a more relaxed, orchestral, and "cool" soundscape.
- Cannonball Adderley – Somethin' Else (1958): Featuring a legendary guest appearance by Miles Davis, this is a smooth, sophisticated hard bop triumph.
- Oliver Nelson – The Blues and the Abstract Truth (1961): An all-star hard bop session that creatively deconstructs the traditional 12-bar blues.
- Miles Davis – Bitches Brew (1970): An expansive, avant-garde fusion record that broke all the rules and introduced a new era of jazz-rock.
- Duke Ellington – Ellington at Newport (1956): A legendary live album that famously reinvigorated Ellington's career and features Paul Gonsalves's marathon 27-chorus tenor sax solo.
- Herbie Hancock – Maiden Voyage (1965): A modal odyssey of underwater and oceanic themes, featuring "Hancock's Dolphin Dance" and the title track.
- Billie Holiday – Lady in Satin (1958): A deeply emotional and vulnerable late-career vocal jazz record backed by Ray Ellis's sweeping string arrangements.
- Wayne Shorter – Speak No Evil (1966): A post-bop triumph that beautifully balances intricate composition with deeply adventurous improvisations.
- Charles Mingus – The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady (1963): An ambitious, avant-garde masterpiece that blends flamenco, big band, and ballet into an uninterrupted musical suite.
I would personally vouch for all of these as both "seminal" jazz albums and also highly enjoyable.