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In some implementations a transformer provides voltage gain. Having said that, the whole argument revolves around your parsing of 'preamp' - is it an amplifier before another amplifier, or just anything that comes before an amplifier? Both are viable interpretations, and since some active preamps have negative gain it seems a nonsensical thing to argue about anyway.
[EDIT - as @somebodyelse just posted ]
There's some semantic ambiguity. Taking the -- heh -- prefix pre- to mean that which comes before, a passive preamplifier isn't oxymoronic.
Cf. this helpful context from the late Charles Rodrigues (of Playboy, National Lampoon, and - to the point at hand - Stereo Review fame).
I've only viewed pre-amps as a way to equalize inputs for the output, and to handle various inputs. Certainly a phono stage needs some amplification....