Galliardist
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From where I'm sat in Australia, one of the references made has already crossed that line for me. Please consider.
Meantime I'm unwatching for my own sanity now.
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Meantime I'm unwatching for my own sanity now.
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Something I would encourage anyone to do. Or , maybe someone will change the direction of travel on this thread away from climate /energy etc . I live in hope .
OP
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Yeah... not the direction that I thought this would go. I have no issue with packing it in on this one and take it as a lesson learned about a common foe of any measurements... bias.
Blumlein 88
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The eruption of Krakatoa is well known. Less well known, but actually one that in total over a short period of time that was larger and killed over 70,000 people is the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815. It is the largest eruption in recorded history. Ranking 7 of 8 on the volcanic explosivity index. It caused significant and deadly climate anomalies in the following years. 1816 is called the year without summer as it caused such a cold year in North America and Western Europe and the rest of the northern hemisphere. Crops and livestock died and their were food shortages.
It is estimated that 8.9 cubic miles (37 cubic kilometers) of rock were thrown into the atmosphere.
en.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org
Just read some recent posts. Though about climate this has nothing to do with climate change or any such. Not what I had in mind. Just stupendous effects from one stupendous eruption. No intent to foment political or other contentious debate.
It is estimated that 8.9 cubic miles (37 cubic kilometers) of rock were thrown into the atmosphere.
Mount Tambora - Wikipedia
Year Without a Summer - Wikipedia
Just read some recent posts. Though about climate this has nothing to do with climate change or any such. Not what I had in mind. Just stupendous effects from one stupendous eruption. No intent to foment political or other contentious debate.
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As some here know, I am a profesional economic historian, and deeply into quantitative data. The last fifty years have indeed seen a move to more reliable quantitative historical data. It started with the prewar international consortium on price history, and in the post war years in France with the group around the French journal Annales, who focussed on the premodern rural history of France, and more. On the demographic side there was the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, doing detailed family reconstitution of mostly 17th and 18th records of births, marriages and deaths. In the US, the biggest methodological revolution was by so called New Economic History scholars like Robert Fogel (Nobel Prize winner) who introduced more advanced econometric techniques and computers to proces and understand large quantities of data on e.g. nineteenth century economic growth, slavery or health. All these projects were hard work, collecting massive quantities of data from the archives. Few of these data series go back very far into time, the earliest ones go back to the thirteenth century, and even those are very patchy, and obviously rely on what was ever recorded, for purposes that were quite different from ours. My own research is on the economic and social history of the Roman Empire, and for that we are increasingly turning to archaeology. With modern heritage legislation archaeology is turning from a field with few data to a field with massive quantities of data. On top of that new scientific techniques such as stable isotope analysis of skeletons that allow us to discover where people were born or what they have eaten in their youth, dna of bacteria in tooth pulp to find out what infectious they were suffering from, or ice cores from Greenland and Antarctica to reconstruct climate and pollution from the deep past, tree rings for climate history, and much more. This is a real revolution, and we are only at the beginning.
The big history of the human race is that of slowly increasing numbers from the neolithic, say from about 12000 BC in the cradle of civilization in the Near East to perhaps 300-500 million in Roman times (see the various estimates published on the excellent Wikipedia page). After that, there was decline and stagnation, until the late medieval world began to see some growth again, and exploding with the Industrial Revolution. With some delay, we not only became more numerous, but also more prosperous, and that prosperity growth has continued and expanded across the globe until now. This is in sharp contrast to the world before the Industrial Revolution when population growth usually depressed standard of living: labour became more abundant and hence cheaper, and land became increasingly scarce, and hence commanded higher rents. From time to time this was followed by a Malthusian check such as famine or a pandemic like the Black Death (also preceeded in turn by a rapid deterioration of the climate), which reduced population (and indeed sometimes by half), making labour scarce and expensive, and land abundant and hence cheap. So changes in the the functional distribution of income went hand in hand with changes in the social distribution of income. The only preindustrial exceptions to this viciuos cycle were the Netherlands and England from the sixteenth century where real wages were about twice as high as elsewhere. This provided an obvious incentive to technical innovation, and in the UK this ultimately led to the Industrial Revolution, which marks the sudden increase in population due to the decline in mortality from infectious disease (before that life expectancy at birth had been in the 20-35 years) due to public health measures, and not yet followed by a decline in natality, and the increased productivity from new technology that slowly began to improve incomes even though population also increased (the escape from Malthus).
This is of course a very crude summary, and a lot of research is going on to find new data, or proxy data for earlier periods. I am currently working on a big project with a dataset of 10000 skeletons for the Roman period, to chart changes over time in body length as a proxy for health (first publication in Economics and Human Biology). Body length is a prominently researched indicator of more modern population health (mind you, not for individuals), and provides an extension of the concept of standard of living beyond money income. We are trying to move this into earlier history, and hence with skeletal data rather than e.g. military archives, but the methodological challenges are for real. Climate history poses similar challenges, and Kyle Harper's recent College de France lectures are a good showcase of current thinking (online, but in French).
The big history of the human race is that of slowly increasing numbers from the neolithic, say from about 12000 BC in the cradle of civilization in the Near East to perhaps 300-500 million in Roman times (see the various estimates published on the excellent Wikipedia page). After that, there was decline and stagnation, until the late medieval world began to see some growth again, and exploding with the Industrial Revolution. With some delay, we not only became more numerous, but also more prosperous, and that prosperity growth has continued and expanded across the globe until now. This is in sharp contrast to the world before the Industrial Revolution when population growth usually depressed standard of living: labour became more abundant and hence cheaper, and land became increasingly scarce, and hence commanded higher rents. From time to time this was followed by a Malthusian check such as famine or a pandemic like the Black Death (also preceeded in turn by a rapid deterioration of the climate), which reduced population (and indeed sometimes by half), making labour scarce and expensive, and land abundant and hence cheap. So changes in the the functional distribution of income went hand in hand with changes in the social distribution of income. The only preindustrial exceptions to this viciuos cycle were the Netherlands and England from the sixteenth century where real wages were about twice as high as elsewhere. This provided an obvious incentive to technical innovation, and in the UK this ultimately led to the Industrial Revolution, which marks the sudden increase in population due to the decline in mortality from infectious disease (before that life expectancy at birth had been in the 20-35 years) due to public health measures, and not yet followed by a decline in natality, and the increased productivity from new technology that slowly began to improve incomes even though population also increased (the escape from Malthus).
This is of course a very crude summary, and a lot of research is going on to find new data, or proxy data for earlier periods. I am currently working on a big project with a dataset of 10000 skeletons for the Roman period, to chart changes over time in body length as a proxy for health (first publication in Economics and Human Biology). Body length is a prominently researched indicator of more modern population health (mind you, not for individuals), and provides an extension of the concept of standard of living beyond money income. We are trying to move this into earlier history, and hence with skeletal data rather than e.g. military archives, but the methodological challenges are for real. Climate history poses similar challenges, and Kyle Harper's recent College de France lectures are a good showcase of current thinking (online, but in French).
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In other words: people like me that are interested in this: need to do more research on our own to find out whom did what to whom, why & when, setting up the next whom did what to whom, etc...
Like a soap opera.
Thanks!
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Fact of the Day:
Each person would receive approximately 4.64 cubic meters (or 164 cubic feet) of rock if 8.9 cubic miles of rock were evenly distributed among the global population.
Heads up!
You look at sweden and neighbours here
Kind of nerdy interest as this is part of what I studied at university
The control room
www.svk.se
Blumlein 88
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Global population then or now? Looks like the population now was used. 1345 cubic ft per person then. Or 37.5 cubic meters each.
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At the risk of getting quickly getting out my depth, here are the results of a 10~15 min web search. Marine biologist are not concerned about the affects of offshore wind farms because:
Since 2023, at least 10 whales have washed ashore on the New York and New Jersey coastlines. Photograph: Anadolu Agency/Getty Images
Whales
News Release 21-Nov-2024
Exploring the impact of offshore wind on whale deaths #ASA187
Some experts are worried wind farm survey noise adds stress and increases whale deaths.
Reports and Proceedings
Acoustical Society of America
image:
Researchers retrieve an instrument package from the Cook Inlet. Could noise from these surveys like these have led to the death of almost a dozen whales during winter of 2022-2023?
view more
Credit: Michael Stocker
MELVILLE, N.Y., Nov. 21, 2024 – In the winter of 2022-2023, nearly a dozen whales died off the coast of New Jersey, near the sites of several proposed wind farms. Their deaths prompted concern that related survey work being conducted in the area somehow contributed to their deaths.
Michael Stocker of Ocean Conservation Research will present his work Thursday, Nov. 21, at 3:29 p.m. ET in a session dedicated to examining the circumstances surrounding these whale deaths, as part of the virtual 187th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, running Nov. 18-22, 2024.
In pursuit of clean energy goals and to reduce atmospheric carbon emissions, developers are increasingly exploring building wind turbines in the waters off the East Coast of the United States. Three offshore wind farms are already in operation, with several more planned or underway. These wind farms stand to generate a significant amount of carbon-free electricity, which can help coastal states meet their decarbonization goals.
The increased presence of these turbines in coastal waters, along with the noise from construction and surveys, has led to concerns of their impact on marine life. In particular, cetaceans such as whales and dolphins are likely to be sensitive to the noises and increased marine traffic brought by these turbines.
- There is is not even a correlation. 78 whale washed up on the east coast of the US in over the years 2016~2017, before many of the US offshore farms where built. The UK currently has more than 100 times the number of offshore wind turbines, but roughly the same number of whale deaths. Necropsies (a new word for me, apparently necropsy is preferred to autopsy) indicate on the US east coast 40% of the whale deaths analyzed were due to blunt force trauma i.e. shipping.
- The top 4 list for whale death and injury are seismic blasting for oil and gas, high powered military sonar, fishing nets, and large ships.
- The motives some of these groups expressing concern for the "damage" offshore wind farms are causing to whales seem suspect. They not keen to ban fishing and seismic blasting.
There are thoughts that the activities regarding building them may be the issue.
And, of course, those who stand to gain financially (Marine biologists and others) have a vested interest.
All that is actually known is that: historically there have been 2 whales washing up onto the shores a year.
Since the windmill farm started, there have been 12 or more a year.
The answer as to why is unknown. But, statistically, something is causing the increase in whale deaths.
The only known change at the moment is the wind farm. So, right or wrong, it gets the blame.
Of course, more research is needed, meaning money (from neither group of people) needs to be spent on an independent research of this.
I don't see that happening. But, you never know.
If it was me & I lived in the area, I would just move. I do not want to smell the whale carcasses.
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I guess those of us that are handy at DYI building structure's on our property need to figure out what we can do with that amount of rock. I bet that some neighbors would donate more rock so you could have a bigger project.
Prince died leaving an estimated 8000 songs he composed, unreleased in his vault.
Assuming 12 songs in an album, he could release an album a year for the next 666 years!
www.cbsnews.com
Assuming 12 songs in an album, he could release an album a year for the next 666 years!
Exploring the unreleased music in Prince's vault
It's been five years since Prince died, but his estate continues to churn out new music from the prolific artist. Jon Wertheim reports on the unreleased songs locked away in Prince's vault and the newly unlocked album, "Welcome 2 America"
www.cbsnews.com
I turned off Kendrick Lamar and brought up Prince's 2007 Halftime Show last night during the StuporBowl.
Vacceo
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In the case of Rome, your culture of expertise, one of the best lines of work I have red is the credit crush that may have happened under Tiberius. Sure, in an economy that is not fully financial like Roman or, before it, Alexander´s (the whole mess of turning the Persian treasure into dracmas), the effects are harder to track, but I think those are still very interesting areas for research.
In 44 BC in Rome, Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of his own senators, crumpling to the floor with a final gasp. This last breath contained around 25 sextillion (that’s 25 followed by 21 zeroes) air molecules, which would have spread around the globe within a couple of years. A breath seems like such a small thing compared to the Earth’s atmosphere, but remarkably, if you do the math, you’ll find that roughly one molecule of Caesar’s air will appear in your next breath.
Caesar’s Last Breath by Sam Kean
Caesar’s Last Breath by Sam Kean
Returning to my previous data on Van Gogh, legend has it that he sold a total of one painting in his lifetime.
However, the Van Gogh Museum, which should know a thing or two, disputes that claim (although they don't seek to quantify a better estimate). Considering the aforementioned size of his body of work alone I'd agree that more than one sale is probably likely.
www.vangoghmuseum.nl
However, the Van Gogh Museum, which should know a thing or two, disputes that claim (although they don't seek to quantify a better estimate). Considering the aforementioned size of his body of work alone I'd agree that more than one sale is probably likely.
How Many Paintings Did Vincent Sell during His Lifetime?
Discover the answers to the frequently asked questions about Vincent van Gogh.
www.vangoghmuseum.nl
Prince was quite an artist, wasn't he? I come to appreciate his artistry and performance more and more as time goes by.
I like data and I like quantitative data in particular. What strikes me here is that people are just digging up numbers seemingly without any concern for what they might tell us. What do you want to know about the past that is really important, and what kind of numbers will you need for that, including how to interpret them. It all begins with asking the right questions, and only after that can you start thinking about the data that might answer the question. My first Roman history teacher in university put it succinctly: there is a hierarchy of questions, and some questions are more important than others. Next is the issue of a good operational definition of the variable you are concerned with: how can you measure it, and how good is the correspondence between what you really want to know and what you can measure. Finally there is measurement technology and sample size. None of this is easy, but the greatest creativity in my field is to devise operational definitions/proxy variables for what you really want to know but cannot measure directly.
Jim Taylor
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I would think a method like that is susceptible to false positives from overzealous people desiring to push a pet theory based on their own preconceptions. How do you control that?
