I'm no otolaryngologist but a good friend is, and I have had similar events... From what I know the likelihood of such BPPV events being triggered by headphone use at moderate volume would be very low, at loud SPLs it may be considerably greater, you are the best judge of the triggers. I routinely listen over headphones with no ill effects, I do not often listen at rock & roll volume levels.
According to my friend the usual triggers are food sensitivities and lifestyle (stress etc). Typically there are sensitivities to specific spices, salts, alcohol and so on, so that some people cannot eat some foods, drink much and must maintain decent amounts of sleep and reduce stress to reduce the BPPV events.