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Audibility thresholds of amp and DAC measurements

Great stuff
Thanks so much for all who do the work and all who challenge the work. It is all necessary to advance the SCIENCE. We would not want a lenient level to be adjusted downward on operating room infection levels to a point that Most people are safe.

the stakes are rather higher there, no?

But...a few metaphysical question arise ...


At 71 I can barely hear 10,000 But why do I still think I hear all the music I heard at 14?

accomodation?

Many of us are not engineers so does this mean we can enjoy some vintage gear from time to time?

You can enjoy whatever you like. "Engineers" aren't telling you what you can and cannot enjoy.


Isn't it truly all about the music after all?

define 'all'

If I get a Benchmark Dac 1 USB for free ....OR... I pay full price for a Topping top model Dac ...which sounds better?

To what level does adding 1 beer to the equation have ?

To what level does listening in the dark have?

Does listening on a Sunday afternoons make a difference?

Those are questions for science , a science called psychoacoustics.

Does room correction or speaker placement outweigh electronics at many levels?

Yes, if by 'outweigh' you mean that variation in speakers and rooms far more often makes an audible difference, that variations in specs of electronics.
 
Great stuff
Thanks so much for all who do the work and all who challenge the work. It is all necessary to advance the SCIENCE. We would not want a lenient level to be adjusted downward on operating room infection levels to a point that Most people are safe.

But...a few metaphysical question arise ...


At 71 I can barely hear 10,000 But why do I still think I hear all the music I heard at 14?

Welcome to audiophilia.

Many of us are not engineers so does this mean we can enjoy some vintage gear from time to time?

Of course. I'd bet engineers even do this sometimes.

Isn't it truly all about the music after all?

Yes, although some would argue you can't get all the music without a 144dB SINAD.

If I get a Benchmark Dac 1 USB for free ....OR... I pay full price for a Topping top model Dac ...which sounds better?

They should sound exactly the same, even to a young child. A rush of neurotransmitters from a shiny new Topping purchase may make it sound better for a brief period of time. I'd bet the DAC1 will last longer.

To what level does adding 1 beer to the equation have ?

Beer consumption logarithmically increases PRaT, until you collapse into the soundstage.

To what level does listening in the dark have?

I find it doesn't make much difference, but you could try painting your red doors black.

Does listening on a Sunday afternoons make a difference?

Only if you're listening to Kris Kristofferson.

Does room correction or speaker placement outweigh electronics at many levels?

Room correction and speaker placement outweighs electronics at all levels, unless the electronics are broken. Room correction can do more harm than good if you're not careful and have the ability to double-check the measurements.

Thanks for the fun.

I hope I contributed to the fun.
 
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Great stuff
Thanks so much for all who do the work and all who challenge the work. It is all necessary to advance the SCIENCE. We would not want a lenient level to be adjusted downward on operating room infection levels to a point that Most people are safe.
Aside from "stadium evacuation requirements" and the like, most people's lives do not depend on "perfect sound". Perfect sanitation during chest surgery, though, is a thing. Apple, orange.
At 71 I can barely hear 10,000 But why do I still think I hear all the music I heard at 14?
Seriously, because the overtones above 10K (I'm a bit better off than you, and a year older, but hearing loss is part of life in the way-too-loud modern world) are not the primary stuff that defines what music is. In many recordings, nothing over 10kHz happens to a level where it's actually audible (i.e. above absolute threshold) for a person with normal hearing. A close-miked instrument with lots of high frequencies, of course, does have energy up there, but you still know that was a cymbal, and the crash is what makes the music, not the tippy-top of the spectrum, UNLESS you're trying for something specific.

Many of us are not engineers so does this mean we can enjoy some vintage gear from time to time?
Why not? Engineers can do this too. Anyone can do this. Listen to what you PREFER.

Isn't it truly all about the music after all?
Well, there have been some recent arguments about that, but I'd suggest, in the sense you want a meta-discussion, that isn't it really all about what YOU want to hear? Face it, Zeppelin on an 8-track is still cool with the spring reverb and the speakers cut into the back panel of the 1966 Mustang, and no, that's not "acccurate" at all.

If I get a Benchmark Dac 1 USB for free ....OR... I pay full price for a Topping top model Dac ...which sounds better?
Does it matter? Seriously. A good USB stick is pretty good, too, as long as you can handle the ground noise.

To what level does adding 1 beer to the equation have ?
Depends if you're out of beer.

To what level does listening in the dark have?
If you want light, turn it on. If you want dark in the day, pull the shades. It's about PREFERENCE.

Does listening on a Sunday afternoons make a difference?
<insert reference to Queen song about Sunday Afternoon or maybe Moody Blues song about "Tuesday">
Does room correction or speaker placement outweigh electronics at many levels?
Rooms outweigh everything. "room correction" can handle some stuff, but a bad room is a bad room, oom, oom, oom, and once that energy is stored in the room, it's there until it runs out. Speaker placement likewise, but "room correction" to some extent is "speaker correction" and it can handle some amount of weirdness in placement. Not too much, though.

As a final thought:

Thanks for the fun.
 
Great stuff
Thanks so much for all who do the work and all who challenge the work. It is all necessary to advance the SCIENCE. We would not want a lenient level to be adjusted downward on operating room infection levels to a point that Most people are safe.

But...a few metaphysical question arise ...


At 71 I can barely hear 10,000 But why do I still think I hear all the music I heard at 14?

Many of us are not engineers so does this mean we can enjoy some vintage gear from time to time?

Isn't it truly all about the music after all?

If I get a Benchmark Dac 1 USB for free ....OR... I pay full price for a Topping top model Dac ...which sounds better?

To what level does adding 1 beer to the equation have ?

To what level does listening in the dark have?

Does listening on a Sunday afternoons make a difference?

Does room correction or speaker placement outweigh electronics at many levels?

Thanks for the fun.
There are a bunch of electronic categories where the engineering issues have now been "solved" for years... in those areas of performance, audible differences between components are either intentionally engineered, or a sign of very poor design/manufacturing.

This includes preamps, DAC's, power amps... (although the power amps do need to properly match the speakers)

Areas where our audio world remains imperfect, and where every solution (ie: piece of gear, installation configuration, system) is a different balance of a multitude of variables, is the room and the speakers (and the interaction between them).

So yes room correction and speaker placement will totally outweigh electronics - as even economical electronics is "perfect" (within our ability to discern differences... best tested via blind tests to avoid placebo/nocebo effects)... but even the most expensive speaker and room is "imperfect".

A good relatively budget speaker, properly set up, will most likely sound better than any sort of megabuck setup installed at random (or perhaps installed for aesthetic rather than sonic impact).

And yes balancing the aesthetics of the setup vs the performance is another major issue - WAF, can result in compromised configurations...
 
There are a bunch of electronic categories where the engineering issues have now been "solved" for years... in those areas of performance, audible differences between components are either intentionally engineered, or a sign of very poor design/manufacturing.

This includes preamps, DAC's, power amps... (although the power amps do need to properly match the speakers)

Areas where our audio world remains imperfect, and where every solution (ie: piece of gear, installation configuration, system) is a different balance of a multitude of variables, is the room and the speakers (and the interaction between them).

So yes room correction and speaker placement will totally outweigh electronics - as even economical electronics is "perfect" (within our ability to discern differences... best tested via blind tests to avoid placebo/nocebo effects)... but even the most expensive speaker and room is "imperfect".

A good relatively budget speaker, properly set up, will most likely sound better than any sort of megabuck setup installed at random (or perhaps installed for aesthetic rather than sonic impact).

And yes balancing the aesthetics of the setup vs the performance is another major issue - WAF, can result in compromised configurations...
Thank you so much...much better put than my version...

I have always been a fan of soundstage, where the speakers disappear and the music is 3D. Each instrument and voice have their own slot both vertically and horizontally.

I am not doing AxB but when I inserted Audussey 32 into my Topping amps and dac system, it sounds better. I needed a way to control the subwoofer that is needed for my 1960 EMI DLS-1 towers, which have tweeters to die for. It seemed to work.

Well and who can fault someone for wanting their system to also look nice.
20240704_153038.jpg
 
Crosstalk
-60 dB is NwAvGuy's guideline for crosstalk, so half (numerically) of the strict limit of -120 dB.
At least it was in his roundup article about thresholds in that 2011 article you linked, but I think over time he may have updated his estimates of when crosstalk really becomes inaudible, as one can see over his multiple device-specific measurement and review articles he keeps calling results around -60 dB "good" or "very good", but only says "excellent" once he sees -80 or so. So in my mind the NwAvGuy threshold for crosstalk is really somewhere at -80 dBr.

The biggest problem with judging this from specs before buying products is that for crosstalk we're still in the "dark ages" of putting out numbers that are not referenced to a specific test condition in terms of active-channel signal level (if they're even published at all - *cough*SMSL). So I think a lot of them can be suspected to be measured in dBu (ref. 0.775 V signal) just to have them come out more favorable, not to mention when they're measured unloaded, which looks spectacular and is spectacularly useless.

Depending on your headphones and cable structure, even a decent-seeming -100 dBu can easily end up translating to -40 dB SPL relative to the signal at normal listening volumes, which lands in poor-performance territory (narrowed soundstage) even by NwAvGuy standards.

I really wish more device measurements clarified this for us, especially for the cheaper and smaller devices where lackluster channel separation is more easily suspected (and so far has only come out in less reliable subjective reviews of "narrower stage" vs. other devices).
 
At least it was in his roundup article about thresholds in that 2011 article you linked, but I think over time he may have updated his estimates of when crosstalk really becomes inaudible, as one can see over his multiple device-specific measurement and review articles he keeps calling results around -60 dB "good" or "very good", but only says "excellent" once he sees -80 or so. So in my mind the NwAvGuy threshold for crosstalk is really somewhere at -80 dBr.

The biggest problem with judging this from specs before buying products is that for crosstalk we're still in the "dark ages" of putting out numbers that are not referenced to a specific test condition in terms of active-channel signal level (if they're even published at all - *cough*SMSL). So I think a lot of them can be suspected to be measured in dBu (ref. 0.775 V signal) just to have them come out more favorable, not to mention when they're measured unloaded, which looks spectacular and is spectacularly useless.

Depending on your headphones and cable structure, even a decent-seeming -100 dBu can easily end up translating to -40 dB SPL relative to the signal at normal listening volumes, which lands in poor-performance territory (narrowed soundstage) even by NwAvGuy standards.

I really wish more device measurements clarified this for us, especially for the cheaper and smaller devices where lackluster channel separation is more easily suspected (and so far has only come out in less reliable subjective reviews of "narrower stage" vs. other devices).
Why think about this stuff at all when reliable brands far surpass these thresholds?
 
Why think about this stuff at all when reliable brands far surpass these thresholds?
Because sometimes "upgrading" has an underlying expectation of audibility, not engineering excellence.

And it's a waste of expectation when they find out that nothing changes, even using the tools (some silly, "Sound Modes" or "Sound Colors" these 120dB SINAD DACs have, who add harmonics to the point that these 120dB SINAD go to 50dB ) to the point the next buy goes vintage or tubes with the exact same hope!

We have to point out that if noise is at check, nothing really matters, I/O impedance for example is far more important, or a good gain-staging.
Perfectly good gear go off the window after some of the above hopes.
 
Why think about this stuff at all when reliable brands far surpass these thresholds?
I can try to translate what I already said into some other language if English poses problems for you. Try to read again, especially the phrase about dBu.
(Also, not all of us have unlimited budgets so we can buy only the top-spec devices at any given moment from whichever are the ones you're conveniently calling "reliable brands" so you can make your argument vaguer and harder to contest.)

In case it needs to be made explicit, I think audibly diminshed soundstage width vs. what's been technologically possible for several decades now is a form of low-fidelity reproduction just as bad as all the other ones. Most DAC/amp manufacturers do not publish reliable (clearly signal level referenced as well as load impedance referenced) crosstalk measurements to assuage any concerns in this regard, especially in the recently rapidly expanding dongle-DAC category, or in general in the affordable category.
 
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I can try to translate what I already said into some other language if English poses problems for you. Try to read again, especially the phrase about dBu.
(Also, not all of us have unlimited budgets so we can buy only the top-spec devices at any given moment from whichever are the ones you're conveniently calling "reliable brands" so you can make your argument vaguer and harder to dispute.)

In case it needs to be made explicit, I think audibly diminshed soundstage width vs. what's been technologically possible for several decades now is a form of low-fidelity reproduction just as bad as all the other ones. Most DAC/amp manufacturers do not publish reliable (clearly signal level referenced) crosstalk measurements to assuage any concerns in this regard, especially in the recently rapidly expanding dongle-DAC category, or in general in the affordable category.
Have ever looked at crosstalk measurements coming out of record players? -30dB or worse is normal. Crosstalk is just not very audible by itself. Think about how much crosstalk occurs acoustically with speakers or microphones. Think about how much is necessary, with plug-ins, to make a difference in headphone presentation (you'll easily hit -10dB).

These aren't real concerns. If you actually want to do work to find out, you can play any signal you like in one channel of your current DAC, and then measure the output of the other channel. The bleed is the crosstalk. A cheap ADC will do fine. If you don't have that, then a multimeter, as long as the signal is reasonably low in frequency.
 
you can play any signal you like in one channel of your current DAC, and then measure the output of the other channel
This is just a cheap shot trying to "send to bed" anyone asking for better published specs from manufacturers and/or better measurements from reviewers. I can't measure these things personally in a way that will tell me what I would hear in every life situation, in every biological state, with every song I will ever listen to, with every speaker and pair of headphones, and in the case of DACs with every amplifier I will ever hook them to. That's why general limits of human hearing exist (i.e. this topic and the thresholds in the first post), and that's why generally informative published measurements exist. So that I don't have to worry about redoing all the damned research in my room at home.
 
This is just a cheap shot trying to "send to bed" anyone asking for better published specs from manufacturers and/or better measurements from reviewers. I can't measure these things personally in a way that will tell me what I would hear in every life situation, in every biological state, with every song I will ever listen to, with every speaker and pair of headphones, and in the case of DACs with every amplifier I will ever hook them to. That's why general limits of human hearing exist (i.e. this topic and the thresholds in the first post), and that's why generally informative published measurements exist. So that I don't have to worry about redoing all the damned research in my room at home.
The thresholds at the beginning of this thread are very, very generous from a perceptual perspective.

https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=10286 "Subjects listened to 500-Hz tones, broadband noise, and stereophonic program material through earphones and adjusted the channel separation, via a manual control, until the degradation of the spatial effect became detectable. Mean channel separations ranged from 10 to 15.9 dB for the musical selections employed and from 13.7 to 16.8 dB for the noise and tonal stimuli. The results are discussed in terms of existing data on detectable stereo separation and on the discrimination of interaural time differences."

Try this: https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~malcolm/13dB_Miracle/

Or this: https://www.klippel.de/listeningtest/
 
Weird choices of test signals, this doesn't look like a study seriously looking for the absolute lowest detectable level of crosstalk. The pure tones were not close to the frequencies of maximum human sensitivity, broadband noise seems mostly useless, as for the music samples... how are we supposed to generalize from these 3 songs in 1985 to all songs in existence? Since minimalistic passages (e.g. a single instrument + lots of silence) exist in music, and because a huge variety of synthetic instrumentation exists today with far less harmonic content than natural music (thus far less masking power?), this kind of experiment - if it was seeking the absolute limit of audibility - should be done with the most shrill and easily audible distorted signal played through one channel (with that side's earcup or earbud kept away from the listener, beyond physical audibility) and listened for only in the other channel.

Already addressed above - you don't know how much or how little masking there will be in every musical passage I will ever listen to. I won't waste my time discussing masking in the context of absolute audibility thresholds. One could just as well find that some sparse musical content could enhance the audibility of the crosstalk component via intermodulation.

Nothing to do with the crosstalk discussion, plus this test contains several errors that make its results unreliable: selected tones and IMD products very far away from the spectral region most people are maximally sensitive to; not allowing the test to go further down than -69 dB when the aggregate results plot shows a number of people suddenly gather at that last bar and would've probably been able to keep going down and made the distribution look more realistic, with a longer tail tapering off to who knows what ultimate value; also the test gets arbitrarily cut short after you make 3 direction-changing mistakes even if the first 2 were just "hiccups" along the way down and you could continue getting better and better levels after recovering from them, but at the 3rd mistake you are suddenly judged incapable to recover and keep going down in just the same way as you did 2 times before. Can't trust even the central peak bar in the population bar chart with this arbitrary cutoff nonsense in there.
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I will say though it's a bit shocking to see the few times this has been tested with any rigor and published documentation it always came out to no better than -20 dB being detectable in any way, even as qualitative differences. One has to wonder why even NwAvGuy would call limits like -40 "poor", -60 "good, -66 "very good" and only use "excellent" for -80 and thereabouts. He cites no sources for this.

I really have to test this for myself in light of this information, and see if Ethan Winer's noise sample from the Myths presentation does any better than what's seen in the crumbs of literature so far.
 
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One has to wonder why even NwAvGuy would call limits like -40 "poor", -60 "good, -66 "very good" and only use "excellent" for -80 and thereabouts. He cites no sources for this.
I think he rates this based on what is achievable from the perspective of solid engineering, not audibility, or he might extrapolate from more straightforward THD or SNR thresholds. Either way, not really a problem.
 
Nothing to do with the crosstalk discussion, plus this test contains several errors that make its results unreliable: selected tones and IMD products very far away from the spectral region most people are maximally sensitive to; not allowing the test to go further down than -69 dB when the aggregate results plot shows a number of people suddenly gather at that last bar and would've probably been able to keep going down and made the distribution look more realistic, with a longer tail tapering off to who knows what ultimate value; also the test gets arbitrarily cut short after you make 3 direction-changing mistakes even if the first 2 were just "hiccups" along the way down and you could continue getting better and better levels after recovering from them, but at the 3rd mistake you are suddenly judged incapable to recover and keep going down in just the same way as you did 2 times before. Can't trust even the central peak bar in the population bar chart with this arbitrary cutoff nonsense in there.
This?
1761662718927.png

The population at -69dB are cheaters. :oops: It's easy to cheat these tone tests on both sides. The several hundred who score -69dB, >90% are suspect. Here is what -69dB looks like to a cheater:
1761665282939.png


The population on the high side is a collection of people confused by the test interface, don't care, combined with a bunch of people at +15dB who purposely scored zero. The truth is in-between, about -33dB!

This is a good test, but lacks the ability to control for cheating. To get to -69dB on this test requires some prep work, like an unrealistically quiet room.

I think there are at least a couple ASR members who actually legitimately scored -69dB on this one (not me:cool:). Here is an answer I gave to one member who used tools to assist his perfect score:
It's trivial to use tools to see -69dB.

The tests with music are harder to cheat on, but not impossible. Go figure why they have fewer low distortion outliers.;) We are also about 10dB less sensitive to distortion in music than to pure tones.

The turning point analysis is a very good way to evaluate and determine thresholds. With practice, you can improve a bit and become more confident that the hiccups are really us just not being able to hear these details as we imagine. With training, you can improve a bit more. Taken honestly, these are useful for proving how poor we are at actually hearing distortion.

If I am following your idea, you want to have a similar test but with crosstalk instead of distortion. An aurilzation test, using the same turning point analysis is a good approach. The frustration is that we can't really hear much of this.
 
If I am following your idea, you want to have a similar test but with crosstalk
First idea was we need crosstalk measurements for every source device, not always provided today, and even when they are it's not with clear test conditions wrt. load and signal level.

But then I saw the values in existing research and... yeah, now I'd like to see more listening tests with modern transducer technology and better choice of worst-case signals and conditions.

It's the first time I'm seeing reliable data that contradicts even NwAvGuy's "lenient" thresholds by a massive amount. If we took existing studies as definitive we'd have to call the top post up here disinformation on crosstalk - is anyone still editing it? I see it's still being linked for every newbie asking about audibility, like it's well researched reference material.
 
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First idea was we need crosstalk measurements for every source device, not always provided today, and even when it is it's not with clear test conditions wrt. load and signal level.

But then I saw the values in existing research and... yeah, now I'd like to see more listening tests with modern transducer technology and better choice of worst-case signals and conditions.

It's the first time I'm seeing reliable data that contradicts even NwAvGuy's "lenient" thresholds by a massive amount. If we took existing studies as definitive we'd have to call the top post up here disinformation on crosstalk - is anyone still editing it? I see it's still being linked for every newbie asking about audibility, like it's well researched reference material.


DISinformation is propaganda -- it's something meant to mislead, it is insincere.

MISinformation is erroneous but sincere .
 
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in the beginning of this article - "120 dB (20 bits) of dynamic range is required for transparency. Anything below -120 dBFS is inaudible. Amir wrote an in-depth article about the subject."

In another thread, people were adamant that 96dB of dynamic range and 144dB of dynamic range were Audibly THE SAME and any music over 16/44 was moot, waste of time and money?? (16/44 vs 24/96)

weird
 
The extra bits get you protection against 1) hitting overload during recording and 2) accruing audible artifacts during application of serial DSP (important during production, less so at home)

Theoretically there's 'live' audio with a dynamic range that exceeds 16 bit capacity (see Fielder's seminal work). The chance of you encountering it on a commercial recording/needing it at home? Vanishingly small.

From old, and probably inaccessible, tests posted on the web by Arny Kruger, most people only start hearing a difference at 14 bits.
 
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in the beginning of this article - "120 dB (20 bits) of dynamic range is required for transparency. Anything below -120 dBFS is inaudible. Amir wrote an in-depth article about the subject."

In another thread, people were adamant that 96dB of dynamic range and 144dB of dynamic range were Audibly THE SAME and any music over 16/44 was moot, waste of time and money?? (16/44 vs 24/96)

weird
Did you read what Amir wrote about what it would take to detect the differences 120 dB down from the peak signal? I recall him describing the special training he received and the strategies he had to undertake to detect distortions at -115 dB, and it requires severely gain-riding the tails of reverberation and such like. And that was to be able to detect a difference sufficiently reliably to be statistically significant, meaning just barely.

But also, quiet music being played by a source might be strongly amplified. In an amplifier, however, there will be no further amplification. So, Amir's strategy was to torture-test products under extreme downstream amplification. You might be able to hear an artifact in a compression driver with your ear right up to the horn, but if the full signal appears before you turn it down, it might part your hair on the other side of your head.

My living room has an ambient noise floor of about 35 dBA. The absolute peaks of music at the very loudest I can tolerate (and then only when my wife is at least 50 miles away) are at maybe 110 dBA. Anything that is 85 dB down from that peak in my house won't be hearable over the freezer in the basement or the radon ventilation fan (or the tinnitus, or the blood pulsing in my ears).

If you amplify the noise products that are, say, 100 dB down so that you can hear them, and the loud music comes back on, your speakers will be blown, your cat will be made deaf, your neighbors will report you to the police, and your wife will divorce you.

Or not.

Rick "whose threshold of acceptability for DACs is 100 dB and for amps is 80 dB SINAD, still well over what can he can hear" Denney
 
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