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A technical discussion of the Borresen ironless woofer.

This paper introduces interesting topics such as mixing iron powder with a polymer to reduce conductivity in high permeability motor parts. In this case induction is used to drive the diaphragm. The voice coil is stationary and the drive coil is in a sense the shorting ring. When I first read this paper years ago, my feeling was that induction drive was better suited for high frequency transducers.

https://pearl-hifi.com/06_Lit_Archive/14_Books_Tech_Papers/Mowry_Steve/Bucks_Induction_Driver.pdf

Subsequently, I did some induction drive simulations for Ilpo but that did not go beyond that.
 
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The Doppler effect is changing pitch. It is like when a car passes you and it sounds like the revs go down. It is what we normally refer to as FM IMD. Purifi has written a bit about this in their own blog on their website:

The Purify was my motivation to show, that a cheap woofer supplemented by a dedicated midrange is the better solution (https://www.audiosciencereview.com/.../sealed-mini-speaker-3-way.61896/post-2271975). I do not expect any support from their side 8-)
As Linkwitz showed (https://www.linkwitzlab.com/frontiers.htm#J), the Doppler effect transforms to AM in-room due to reflections on one hand by resonances, second they mess-up the phase correlation. Do *not* listen to the sample file over headphones but use speakers in-room instead. I can trust my ears and my speakers, really. Over speakers the difference is non-existant.

You should also consider, that a cone moving back and forth at a speed of x az frequency y is no way similar to a ambulance car ... my personal threshold for IM induced by Doppler is about 0.3% at certain frequencies, but I would grant the benefit of doubt up to 1% when listening to music, with some margin.

What renders speakers a special case for me is a combination of all, Doppler, AM, HD, compression.
 
Steve,

Thanks for opening this discussion. An industry veteran once wrote to me

"The price race is another problem. If I look at, say, loudspeakers, companies like K_ put out speakers that are 10 times as expensive as a B_ and about 1/10th as well designed. The relativism that rules in a market as utterly democratic as the high end allows situations like this to exist without anyone inside that market asking questions. How are we to establish supremacy in a market that's so saturated and where everything goes? Tough, eh?"

Asking uncomfortable questions needs to be done. It is difficult in the public domain. These days it sometimes seems like the marketers have a larger voice and are better funded than the engineers. This is happening in many domains, like university institutions, varying levels of government etc..
The idea that neo-liberal capitalism will "correct itself" and the market will decide what's best is a fantasy. If you have skin in the game, it's best agree with the status quo, and continue with the way things are done to keep/save your job. It seems that the only ones who don't seem to care are the self-funded who dare to challenge/correct misconceptions.

PS. Your simulations of the 800D woofer matches my reality when I measured the 10" woofers from the 801D4.
I am curious as to why some people at B&W and KEF can design excellent midranges and coaxial's respectively but so much woofers. And in regards to the former, even they have difficulties with the crossovers.

Is it because they are tied to ideologies, or constrained by finances (rebooting and retooling cost $). Or because they have deep expertise in one area but not another. Or is it difficult to pivot and shift, having to admit that they were wrong all along?
 
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Steve,

Thanks for opening this discussion. An industry veteran once wrote to me

"The price race is another problem. If I look at, say, loudspeakers, companies like K_ put out speakers that are 10 times as expensive as a B_ and about 1/10th as well designed. The relativism that rules in a market as utterly democratic as the high end allows situations like this to exist without anyone inside that market asking questions. How are we to establish supremacy in a market that's so saturated and where everything goes? Tough, eh?"

Asking uncomfortable questions needs to be done. It is difficult in the public domain. These days it sometimes seems like the marketers have a larger voice and are better funded than the engineers. This is happening in many domains, like university institutions, varying levels of government etc..
The idea that neo-liberalism capitalism will "correct itself" and the market will decide what's best is a fantasy. If you have skin in the game, it's best agree with the status quo, and continue with the way things are done to keep/save your job. It seems that the only ones who don't seem to care are the self-funded who dare to challenge/correct misconceptions.

PS. Your simulations of the 800D woofer matches my reality when I measured the 10" woofers from the 801D4.
I am curious as to why some people at B&W and KEF can design excellent midranges and coaxials respectively but so much woofers. In regards to the former, even they have difficulties with the crossovers. Is it because they are tied to ideologies, or constrained by finances (rebooting and retooling cost $... and also having to admit that they were wrong all along)
WOW! What a post! What an attitude! Outstanding! In a prior post in another thread, I referred to the loudspeaker industry as being technically retarded. The loudspeaker industry is far behind the other segments of the A/V industry in technical advances and falling father behind every year. I made reference to the TOPPING business model, no rhetoric, just performance and value as an example for loudspeaker companies. A company selling 500,000 Euro loudspeaker, copies concepts out of the industry magazine is an example and a subtopic of this thread. Because I have been around the loudspeaker industry on three continents. I can shed a bit of light on the fact that the loudspeaker industry was and apparently still is resource starved. In other words, embarrass the slackers!

B&W at that time was using VF OPERA for motor simulations. I purchased a perpetual VF OPERA license in 2002 with DC, AC, and thermal solvers. I learned to use VF OPERA at BOSE but even at BOSE, I was one of just three users.

Before I traveled to GENELEC in Finland around 2010, I told my wife Jane, these guys all seem to have PhD's. I best bring my A game with me to Finland. Well when I got there I discovered that they could not and/or were not simulating transducers at all. They had one COMSOL license and the mechanic was inexperienced. Carsyen Tinggaard was supporting transducer develop independently from his office in northern Europe. I think he was using FEMM to simulate motors. But then I asked Jussi how does Carsyen design spiders. Jussi said he had a formula. He has a formula, well that's Johnson. One cannot simulate and/or design a spider with a formula, that's linear analysis. One needs to use FEA with Newton's Method. I then told Jussi, I use ABAQUS. At that time ABAQUS had the most powerful nonlinear Multiphysics solver in the industry. I was trained at BOSE and I attended a 5-day seminar at ABAQUS headquarters in Pawtucket, RI, the town I was born in. Even though ABAQUS had a much wider applications than OPERA, I was one of only three ABAQUS users, most other engineers didn't seem to care. Then because everywhere I went, I brought ABAQUS and my employer had to license it, ~$15,000 / year back then, ABAQUS gave me a personal license for Professional Courtesy. They said I was their best customer. Last time I had contact with SEAS, they could not or were not simulating spiders, just throw a flat one in there. Many times it's all a lie with transducer R&D. I hate that! When I was at URI Dr. Bill Olney the Dean of the EE graduate school asked me a question. When do you look for your second job? I don't know. His reply was as soon as you find your first one. Fortunately my first job was R&D Engineer III at BOSE within the transducer group, TRES. Frankly that was my PhD in transducers but I have no paper degree. Just the opportunity to work with many amazing engineers and scientists, several from MIT. I lasted just about 3.5 years. Thank you for that advise Dr. Olney.

I have more stories but I will spare you the boredom for now.
 
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Are you an attorney?
No! I don't even play one on TV. It comes up from time to time in the IT press, usually when one company is trying to use a dubious software patent against someone that will fight back rather than settle. The Inter Partes Review is described as a cheaper and potentially faster option to get a patent invalidated than taking it to court. As a non-lawyer I may be misunderstanding this - the question mark isn't rhetorical.
 
No! I don't even play one on TV. It comes up from time to time in the IT press, usually when one company is trying to use a dubious software patent against someone that will fight back rather than settle. The Inter Partes Review is described as a cheaper and potentially faster option to get a patent invalidated than taking it to court. As a non-lawyer I may be misunderstanding this - the question mark isn't rhetorical.

Thank you your kind reply and no rhetoric intended. So it sure looks like you know the rules. In 2009, I published a concept that I created. It was not an improvement on anything that I had encountered. It was actually an improvement on some work that I did for a client in USA, CO. I will quote from Mathias Rémy's PhD thesis paper below.

"However, the use of these rather new ironless structures is still almost nonexistent and one had to wait until 2009 when Mowry [36] published his study on an ironless magnetic structure in a very influential specialized journal in the loudspeaker domain."

So I published my concept to avoid anyone from patenting the concept which would discourage me and/or anyone else from developing the concept. I just want to give it a chance. Then more than 10 years later along come this POS and files a patent application for my invention. The concept is so simple that just that fact alone is a bit embarrassing, not to me but rather the loudspeaker industry. Then to add insult to injury, the USPTO examiner did not even perform a through Google search. I did a search on the key words "Ironless loudspeaker motor". And presto bingo, I found Mathias Rémy's PhD thesis paper. Then I did a ctrl+f search on "Mowry" and I found the credit above. If the patent examiner had read the credits, he would have seen my discussion of an ironless motor [36] that was effectively identical to Borresen's claimed invention. Now if one were to show a copy of Borresen's patent to Vance Dickason, the editor of Voice Coil, he would tell you that Steve Mowry invented that concept. We discussed it back in 2010. He asked me for a prototype so he could evaluate it. Frankly, just show the Borresen patent to any seasoned loudspeaker person and they will tell you the same. I found a reference and a link to my discussion that was published in Feb. 2009 in less than 5 minutes. The MF patent examiner did not even search. He just used the references that Borresen gave him. Now where's the respect for anything loudspeaker.

Then Borresen goes on LinkedIn and touts his lone patent. I refer to this as PUFFING! Engineers and scientists just don't act like this. Frankly who does act like this guy?

1744190879237.png

I understand that Borresen would be hard pressed to defend his patent but that's not the point. The point is that this nonsense reflects badly on both the loudspeaker industry and the USPTO. I have no desire to do any more product design and/or development on any concept. I am retired but Borresen and the USPTO make my sick and in fact they disgust me. It's the act of reading about a concept in the industry periodical (Voice Coil is free to anyone related to the loudspeaker industry and widely circulated) and then filing a patent application and claiming an invention and then the examiner fails to perform a simple search are so low, I put them in the same class as pedophilia. How low can one go? Engineering is an honorable profession. Borresen is a dishonorable person and not just because of this incident. Additionally, he has snake oil in his veins and folks on ASR are beginning to discover this.

PS. I got on LinkedIn and embarrassed Borresen to such a degree that he begged LinkedIn to take down his post. I got more than 500 impressions in a short amount of time and just before LinkedIn took Borresen's post down. Note that I have 7,500 followers on LinkedIn. So when I post folks get notified. Borresen was one of those followers and there is a link to my Voice Coil publication within my profile.
 
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Thank you your kind reply and no rhetoric intended.
If you scrutinize the patent, it would cost a lot. But it would not hinder Borresen to use the tech/ anyway. Best to happen was that he had to pay for the trial. To file a patent on something that cannot be patented because it is already puplic domain isn't illegal. Hence no compensation for you.

From what I've seen, his speakers are actually as 'euphonic' as a guitar speaker, deliberately coloring the sound a lot. He will not make that much money out of it, I guess and hope.

In regard to others wanna use the tech/, well, they can do! In case Borreson would issue an infringement caveat, he would go to court, and lose. The contender would just point to the article mentioned, case closed by invalidating the patent individually. It wouldn't happen a second time ;-)
 
In regard to others wanna use the tech/, well, they can do!

That is why I published so folks could do. That was my objective.

For me working alone from my desk in Phuket, I would publish a concept in Voice Coil, which was circulated among the people I wanted to reach. Ed Dell would pay me. In a sense from my perspective, Ed Dell paid me for my advertising in Voice Coil. If someone has an interest there's a good chance they would contact me. Then if someone contacts me, I tell them if they want help and/or information they need to retain me. This is simply the old "Publish or Perish" methodology. If a company could not afford to retain me, then chances were that they could not afford the development anyway.

Furthermore and fundamentally, I dislike patents. I consider them nothing more than restraint of trade. With respect to the loudspeaker industry, patents have had an adverse effect. Patents are in part responsible for the loudspeaker industry being developmentally delayed. In that the technology advances within the loudspeaker industry lag quite far behind the other industry segments within the overall A/V industry. And people like Borresen and Richie gaining in popularity does not help either.
 
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He will not make that much money out of it, I guess and hope.

I would not bet on that. For some unknown reason, these speakers and the way they sound, appearingly is pretty popular these days among audiophiles of a certain philosophy (for which I have no solid explanation).
 
@smowry I think you are painting a picture of patent offices that is a bit one sided and totally exaggerated.

Firstly, to compare patent offices or salesmen with pedofiles, well, let's not go there. I mean, if your position is that they should have been able to do a better job, then you should also be able to explain this a bit better than comparing them with sexual offenders. So let's just live that path forever.

What I really want to touch on instead is a couple of concepts in searching for prior art. For example, two patents may have identical drawings, but one describes the use of the physical implementation differently. The first patent would then be a prior art reference to the second patent, and it would be up to the attourney and the clerk to discuss how this patent would be sufficiently different from the first patent to qualify as an individual patent. For example within loudspeakers, there are two parties discussing, without in depth knowledge of loudspeakers. It will be up to the two to interpret how the first patent can be read, and whether it had the scenario described in the second patent in mind and described it sufficiently to also cover that.

But long before we get here, we also have a situation where an engineer, not a brilliant one apparently, thinks he/she has come up with something that might be enough for a patent. The right thing to do for them would be to do a pre search before they even contact the patent attorney office. I would be surprised if you have not searched through patents a number of times, and you have then also found lots of patents that are either totally irrelevant, or looks really relevant but turns out to be something completely different. Then you search a round 2, 3 and 4, and in all rounds, new patents shows up that you did not find in the prior rounds. How many rounds are enough? And what about everything that is not fully disclosed? I mean, there are tons of things that are out there, but not patented or fully disclosed.

If you start searching USPTO for free energy devices, you will find something interesting. There are tons of patents out there that does not state to be free energy devices, but that are clearly on this path, and that does not work. But the explaination to why the patent does not work may not be that obvious. In most cases it would be fare above the head of the patent office to understand what the device could actually be used for as this is not directly disclosed. One example could be a thermodynamic cooling device to support other thermodynamic processes. The device itself could work, and be a valid patent, but with a bit of understanding you would also know that the patent does not contain any calculations to the energy consumption, and that is the part making the patent completely useless.

But the patent is still valid, and even if the patent office has seen the catch, and even told the inventor, he/she may still be convinced and wants the patent anyway. I mean, which inventor does not look at him/her self as a brilliant thinker?

We have the same situation with patents that are too much based on prior art. You are required to refer to prior related patents, and through searches you will be ordered by the patent office to show certain patents and explain how they differ from your new invention. You often end up with an extremely small detail, like using a particular formula to calculate the roundover on a bass port tube, or making a tiny shorting ring in a particular place in the motor for a very specific reason. You would have to show countless patents of prior art showing shorting rings and explain how this differs. Questions that needs answering would be things like "does this make a difference to the final product?" and "is this outside of what the prior patent covers?".

I could post a cut section of our 15 inch woofer motor, and anyone could make the same driver with the same performance, but very few, if any, would understand how it differs from any other typical over hung motor design. They could see it on measurements, off course, but you would not see it just by looking. I could off course, apply for a patent on a certain detail, claiming some kind of benefit. It could cover what is interesting for me, without me having to reveal the actual purpose. It would certainly look like something quite useless and very prior art, but it would still be easy to pick one or two details that are unique enough to grant me a patent. Any patent attourney or patent clerk would probably never see this as something of value.

And then it is the availability of prior art documents. I mean, firstly, the Børresen patent is not identical to your design. It is an obvious "next step" but also quite different as it does use two sort of low reluctance return path motors stacked. Did you ever mention this in your article? While the Harman patent is available, your documents are mainly on your own server as far as I know. I have browsed it many years ago, but it is hardly counting as "published" in the way we normally think of the word in the scientific world.

I am not trying to discredit you here. I think it is nice to see all the fun stuff you have done over the years. But you are attacking someone here. Your basis of attacking them is a patent that is not that similar to your work, while that is your claim. At the same time, they do sell a network switch for 10k+ USD that contains an off the shelf 30 USD switch in an MDF box with a PCB that is not connected to anything. They sell "vibration damping" that has no compliance. They sell super expensive garbage cables, really poor speakers costing hundreds of thousands of USD, amps based on several generations old off the shelf cheap technology at a premium price...

Have you actually found that this patent is identical to prior art?
 
The pedophile thing was intended to be a metaphor. I assumed that was obvious and sure that post was my opinion.

Of course I am attacking him but that attack is with respect to AES and my own code of ethics. If anyone maybe like Erin says anything derogatory regarding his products then that would be considered an attack too. What about the pioneers and industry giants, don't they deserve respect? I am waiting for Borresen to threated me with a suit. I have no assets in the US. My assents are in Thailand and he is in Denmark. So good luck with that. I doubt if even Elon Musk could get to me here.

Now your opinion that my concept is not similar to Borresen's claimed invention is a minority opinion and with which I disagree. Everyone that has commented except you have indicated that Borresen's patent cannot be defended. He patented prior art. Okay so lets turn things around; something engineer sometime do to better understand a problem. If things were reversed, and Borresen's patent was filed in 2009 and I developed the transducer that was described in Voice Coil in 2019. Would my transducer represent infringement? Sure it would. See the pictures below and just flip the dates.
1744197234653.png


So anyway if I somehow offended you, then I must apologize; however, it was not my intention. My intension was to draw attention to a situation and if Borresen is offended, then so be it! Note that all your claims are undocumented and subjective. When I read his invention description it describes my concept perfectly. If you feel otherwise, then please document your claim. My publication and his patent documents are certainly available for your review. My claim is that your argument is rhetorical.
 

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@smowry I think you are painting a picture of patent offices that is a bit one sided and totally exaggerated.

Well I will support my claim with my favorite example, Elizabeth Holmes. Elizabeth Holmes was credited with more than 200 inventions with grants. Without the support of the USPTO she would never have been able to perpetrate here campaign of fraud on the populace. Frankly, based on that alone, I claim that my criticism of the USPTO is understated.
 
@smowry I think you are painting a picture of patent offices that is a bit one sided and totally exaggerated.

Well I will support my claim with my favorite example, Elizabeth Holmes. Elizabeth Holmes was credited with more than 200 inventions with grants. Without the support of the USPTO she would never have been able to perpetrate here campaign of fraud on the populace. Frankly, based on that alone, I claim that my criticism of the USPTO is understated.

Do you know if any of the patents she filed for are not actually valid?

As far as I know, she was sued for her business model, not her patents.
 
The pedophile thing was intended to be a metaphor. I assumed that was obvious and sure that post was my opinion.

Of course I am attacking him but that attack is with respect to AES and my own code of ethics. If anyone maybe like Erin says anything derogatory regarding his products then that would be considered an attack too. What about the pioneers and industry giants, don't they deserve respect? I am waiting for Borresen to threated me with a suit. I have no assets in the US. My assents are in Thailand and he is in Denmark. So good luck with that. I doubt if even Elon Musk could get to me here.

Now your opinion that my concept is not similar to Borresen's claimed invention is a minority opinion and with which I disagree. Everyone that has commented except you have indicated that Borresen's patent cannot be defended. He patented prior art. Okay so lets turn things around; something engineer sometime do to better understand a problem. If things were reversed, and Borresen's patent was filed in 2009 and I developed the transducer that was described in Voice Coil in 2019. Would my transducer represent infringement? Sure it would. See the pictures below and just flip the dates.
View attachment 443128

So anyway if I somehow offended you, then I must apologize; however, it was not my intention. My intension was to draw attention to a situation and if Borresen is offended, then so be it! Note that all your claims are undocumented and subjective. When I read his invention description it describes my concept perfectly. If you feel otherwise, then please document your claim. My publication and his patent documents are certainly available for your review. My claim is that your argument is rhetorical.

Just relax, you have not offended me in any way. I think this is an intersting topic as well.

I was a bit quick when I looked at your references in the first 2 posts. But I did read a bit more in Børresens patent. It seems like there are two differences. One being that you speficied a non conductive spacer, while they use alu, copper or silver as a spacer. Secondly, they specifically talk about the parts identified as 26, used to control the centering of the parts in assembly.

While I do find differences between your design and Børresens patent, I still think it would be a bad day at work for anyone to try to defend that patent, and I have said that before. But at the same time I am not sure I can say that USPTO has done anything wrong here.
 
Elizabeth Holmes was given a 10+ year sentence for fraud. No one sued her for infringement. Her 200+ patents facilitated that fraud. Those patents will expire, she is broke and cannot pay the maintenance fees.

I agree that in regards to the Borresen patent application the USPTO did nothing, no search.

Al and Cu (no one would use silver or gold) have the permeability of air, Almost air core. Placing high conductivity materials between the magnet will realize and induction heater. That heat(er) will encourage the failure mode of thermal demag. Then there will be the high electromagnetic drag. So now I understand why the Qms was identified as, Qms < 1, ouch! I was taught by a EM scientist from MIT in 1995 to minimize mechanical losses, moving coil audio transducer efficiency is already very low, ~1% efficient. Transducer engineers have design rules. Is that an inventive step anyway? Yes a step backwards. At best it's a claimed improvement to Almost air core but I claim it is not an improvement and it introduces a potential failure mode and reduces efficiency.

1744230734654.png


Marshall Buck's paper will help to explain induction to the folks out there. Note the simulations were performed with VF OPERA.
https://pearl-hifi.com/06_Lit_Archive/14_Books_Tech_Papers/Mowry_Steve/Bucks_Induction_Driver.pdf

Someone posted in this thread that they tested the Borresen transducer and the voice coil reached a temperature of 350 degrees (no unit posted C or F) and the magnet temp only increased 2 or 3 degrees. So if the magnet spacers were Al or Cu then I will assume that Santa Claus or the Tooth Fairy was cooling the magnets!

Then there is the question of how many have actually worked on ironless motor R&D since 2005, 20 years?

1. Steve Mowry
2. Guy Lemarquand et al.
3. Mathias Rémy
4. Michael Borresen

The list is short to say the least. Can anyone find any additional work on this topic? I am still interested in this topic and it would have the potential to add information to this thread.


PS. What do we want between the magnets if not Al or Cu? Ideally we want air!
 
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Mark Kravchenko or anyone else could you please comment on the under designed spider in the Borresen woofer?

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There was room for a bigger spider but it seems the spider's annular radius was minimized, could it have been made smaller? The wheelbase is just about the smallest I have ever seen. The wimpy suspension will result is high Kms(x) nonlinearity. The short wheelbase with the long cantilevered voice coil will encourage rocking modes. Then look at the voice coil to cone interface. The voice coil bobbin is only ~0.003 in thick. To me it looks like the transducer above was designed by an inexperienced transducer engineer. Designed to impress but not to perform. What we used to call a dog!

Let's work together to give the Borresen woofer a solid design review. Then I will use the information obtained to compose a written review and publish it on LinkedIn, Facebook and X. I could also ask Vance Dickason to consider publication in Voice Coil but that maybe difficult to fly.

If anyone is uncomfortable with that, them I will agree to submit the review for edit, preferably to Amir, but it doesn't have to be. It could be Rene; it could be NTK. It cannot be snickers-is.
 
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Okay, I went through my STEALLUS stuff (2005) and I have some samples where I used austenitic grade stainless steel (non-magnetic) for magnet spacers. The permeability is close to air and the conductivity is moderate. Stainless is an inherently robust material. Back in the day, I would have not even considered using Cu or Al for the magnet spacer in an ironless motor. Why? Heat and Drag, take an aluminum pipe and hold it perpendicular to the floor. Now drop a NdFeB magnet into the pipe. The magnet will not stick but will float through the Al pipe with acceleration << G. The higher the conductivity the lower the acceleration. The stainless will also add thermal mass, if air were possible, the voice coil might over heat. Plus SS is lower cost than Cu but higher cost than Al. Al and Cu will oxidize, then Al can be anodized and Cu can be electroplated. Stainless is a good choice for the 4 x NdFeB ring magnet ironless motor assembly (Almost air core) and for the STEALLUS style PHALLUS for woofer applications. Marshall Buck's paper gives an example of induction.
 
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Now drop a NdFeB magnet into the pipe. The magnet will not stick but will float through the Al pipe with acceleration << G. The higher the conductivity the lower the acceleration.
Actually there is only a very short acceleration and then the falling speed in the tube stays constant as the electromagnetic drag in equilibrium with gravity depends on speed.
Would this alu/copper not produce some electrical damping in the motor which otherwise is quite low because of BL being small?
One being that you speficied a non conductive spacer, while they use alu, copper or silver as a spacer.
I like the idea of silver (!), having several pounds inside the speakers could give at least some compensation for the price tag.
 
olieb,

Yes, and you have raised an excellent point. Regardless of how many magnets and their respective size, the |B| in the gap will be less than |B| within the magnet for ironless motor assemblies. Then the taller the gap, the lower the |B| in the gap. There is no steel to pinch off the flux in the magnetic circuit and thus to focus the flux density in the gap. What's the |B| within the magnet? It depends on where the operating point is with regards to the respective BH curve. The higher the ratio of thickness/surface, the higher up on the BH cure the operating point will be. Because the curve is different at different temperatures, magnets are specified with a family of BH curves.

1744273469595.jpeg

Then an ironless woofer motor assembly needs a relatively large (OD - ID) voice coil. The Borresen's voice coil is small, one model posted had it at about 7.5 grams. As a woofer's design guideline, the voice coil wire mass should be about 50% of the total moving mass. I know that I am not without prejudice when evaluating the Borresen woofer; however, the Borresen woofer seems to violate many of my design rules. The more I look at the Borresen woofer, the more I question its design. Did he patent a dog? It is starting to look like he did. He used a motor topology that was designed for a tweeter by yours truly for a woofer application.
 
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